Sejarah Komputasi
- sempoa
- Komputer Analog
- Komputer Digital
- Komputer Elektronik
- Kecepatan Komputer
Sempoa Pertama
Sempoa Babilonia dikembangkan untuk Mengurangi Waktu untuk melakukan perhitungan.
Sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam bab sebelumnya, kami percaya bahwa orang Babilonia menciptakan penghitungan yang rumit.
Periode 2700-2300 SM mungkin melihat penampilan pertama sempoa, tabel kolom berturut-turut yang mendefinisikan urutan sistem bilangan 60 digit .
Sempoa 2.0
Sempoa Romawi menggunakan 10 digit angka Romawi untuk Mengurangi Waktu untuk melakukan perhitungan:
Gambar: 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica (domain publik).
Bangsa Romawi mengembangkan Sempoa Romawi, versi dasar-10 portabel dari sempoa sebelumnya yang digunakan oleh orang Babilonia.
Ini adalah komputer genggam pertama di dunia. Digunakan oleh insinyur Romawi, pedagang dan pemungut cukai.
Komputer Analog
The Difference Engine (Charles Babbage 1822) was a mechanical machine designed to Reduce the Time to calculate complex mathematical functions.
The Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage 1833) was a mechanical machine designed with modern computer elements like arithmetic, logic, and memory.
Both these "computers" used 10 digit (decimal) mechanical cogwheels to perform mathematical calculations:
(Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. Science Museum. London)
Digital Computers
Digital Computers use 0/1 switches to perform calculations. They operate on binary values like 11100110 in contrast to analog values like 230.
Try It Yourself:
The first Electric Digital Computer was designed and built by Konrad Zuse in Germany (1941).
It used 2600 electrical relays as 0/1 switches. The clock speed was about 5 Hz.
Replica of the Zuse Z3. Deutsches Museum. Munich.
Electronic Computers
First generation Computers (1945-1950) used vacuum tubes as binary switches.
Vacuum tubes are much faster than electrical relays.
The clock speed of these computers was between 500 KHz and 1 Mhz.
Second Generation Computers
Second generation Computers (1950-1960) used transistors as binary 0/1 switches.
Transistors are much faster than vacuum tubes.
Third Generation Computers
Third generation Computers (1960) used integrated circuits as binary switches.
Integrated circuits are much faster than transistors.
Computer Speed
The first electrical computer could do 5 instructions per second.
The first electronic computer did 5000 instructions per second.
The first PC did 5 million instructions per second.
AMD was the first PC to reach 1 billion instructions per second.
Today, IPhone 12 can do 11 billion instructions per second.
Year | Computer | Instructions per Second | Bits per Instruction |
---|---|---|---|
1941 | Z3 | 5 | 4 |
1945 | ENIAC | 5.000 | 8 |
1981 | IBM PC | 5.000.000 | 16 |
1995 | Intel Pentium PC | 100.000.000 | 32 |
2000 | AMD PC | 1.000.000.000 | 64 |
2020 | 10.000.000.000 | 128 |
When Did it Start? Where Will it End?
From the history above you can extract:
- Computers were designed to do calculations
- Charles Babbage created the first mechanical computer
- The first digital computers used electromechanical switches
- Vacuum tubes are much faster than electromechanical switches
- Transistors are much faster than vacuum tubes
- Integrated circuits are much faster than transistors
- Tomorrow's computes will be faster than the human brain?
Smarter Than Humans?
If we believe in Moores Law:
In 2020, computers have the capacity of a mouse brain.
In 2030, computers might have the capacity of a human brain:
Source: Ray Kurzweil